The tough truth behind corporate net zero sustainability targets

Businesses are increasingly committing to ambitious sustainability pledges. Yet what that means is complicated and opaque, and some companies are struggling to make an action plan.

When Monika Liikamaa and Denise Johansson left their corporate jobs to start Enfuce in 2016, a Finland-based payments-processing platform, they wanted to create a firm with impact.

"We need to come to work and believe that we can make the world a better place," says Liikamaa. As female founders, aged 48 and 42 respectively, they took a significant career risk: women receive less than 3% of global venture-backed funding. Yet they decided the gamble was worth it if they could build a company with a legacy that lasted beyond their own tenure. For Liikamaa and Johansson, that meant establishing Enfuce at the outset to be net zero by 2040.

Many companies are making similar commitments to not add to the total amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Operating in a world where carbon dioxide levels are rising, populations globally are experiencing heat records and extreme weather events are becoming increasingly common, some founders are making these moves based on their own ethics. Others are experiencing outside pressure from investors, employees and governments.

This means businesses are increasingly releasing sustainability plans that feature keywords such as "net neutral", "zero- or carbon-neutral". They typically commit to reaching the targets in the next 20-to-30 years.

Net Zero Tracker, an independent group that follows corporate pledges, found that half the world’s largest 2,000 publicly listed companies have a net zero target. In the past 16 months, the number of companies with these aims has risen 40% from 702 in June 2022 to 1,003 in October 2023. The organisation reports the corporate world is in "phase three" of the transition: they've accepted a climate issue, then made a pledge; now, they're delivering on commitments.

While companies have taken strides to act on their pledges, there are still outstanding questions about the transparency and meaningful steps towards change, leading both consumers and even UN leaders to call for tougher standards and greater corporate transparency. There's optimism businesses can make an impact, but the road to developing and executing on concrete plans may be rocky.

Fuzzy standards, fuzzy reporting

When companies say they are planning to hit net zero, most are aligning with the Paris Agreement's goal of keeping average global warming to 1.5C (34.7F) of pre-industrial levels to to limit future climate change. One way to do this is to reduce the level of greenhouse gas emissions. Companies can also off-set their contributions to zero-out their impact.

A pledge to plant trees, for example, could possibly enable firms to achieve this (although there is a greal deal of debate about the effectiveness of these schemes); another approach might be transitioning a petrol- and diesel-powered transportation fleet to electric, like the US government has attempted to do through a 2021 executive order. Companies such as Apple, Shell and Volkswagen have tapped into the carbon credit market to reach their net zero goals (again, a controverisal approach).

Yet larger concerns around inaction are merited, says Tim Mohin, global sustainability leader at Boston Consulting Group, based in the US. Historically, "many companies set an aspirational goal without a lot of thought", he says.

McDonald’s, for instance, announced in 2018 that it would get rid of single-use plastic, but failed to live up to such pledges; the paper straws they touted as an "eco-friendly" replacement to plastic, were too bulky to be recycled. (Earlier this year, UK business regulator the Competition and Markets Authority warned it will investigate companies and products that use claims of sustainability in their advertising so consumers aren't misled.)

In the wake of anti-greenwashing and the ESG movement facing increasing backlash, however, there has been a move to have a clear, tangible target before publicly announcing goals.

From a regulatory standpoint, some countries already have sustainability disclosure laws in place. The UK became the first G20 country to make climate impact a mandatory component of financial disclosures; in 2022, 1,300 of the country's largest ed companies and financial institutions have been required to disclose climate-related financial information. The requirement followed closely after the British government set its own 2050 carbon target.

Other markets have followed in close step – the EU requires companies with more than 500 employees to comply with the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD), which ensures companies disclose social and environmental issues in its annual reports.

Now, the stakes for transparency and meaningful goals have increased, as US states introduce legislation around corporate sustainability. In October, California ed a bill that will require  companies with more than $1bn (£817m) in annual revenue to report greenhouse gas emissions by 1 January 2025. This covers approximately 5,300 companies. 

Currently, roughly 96% of the largest 250 companies worldwide self-report sustainability matters, but so far, there is no globally agreed upon set of standards and frameworks to vet and measure these reports. Mohin explains this lack of standardisation enables companies to easily make vague claims using buzzwords like "net-neutral", or to say that they are working towards decarbonisation by a far-off date.

Paths to action 

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